Breast
RISK FACTORS, BREAST CANCER
Female sex, Advanced age ,Previous history of breast cancer, Family history ,Nulliparity Benign breast disease ( Multiple papillomatosis ), Early menarche Late menopause ,Irradiation ,Obesity Alcohol ,
Contraceptive pill & hormone replacement therapy
Duct cell carcinoma of breast
RISK FACTORS, BREAST CANCER
Female sex, Advanced age ,Previous history of breast cancer, Family history ,Nulliparity Benign breast disease ( Multiple papillomatosis ), Early menarche Late menopause ,Irradiation ,Obesity Alcohol ,
Contraceptive pill & hormone replacement therapy
Duct cell carcinoma of breast
Early disease:
Palpable mass, Breast pain Nipple discharge ,Ulceration, Skin dimpling, Edema ,Erythema Axillary mass Scaling of the nipple (Paget's disease)
Advanced disease:
Fixation of the mass to the chest wall , Axillary lymphadenopathy , Edema of the arm, Breast enlargement , Ulceration , Supraclavicular lymphadenopathy ,Back pain Bone pain, Jaundice and Weight loss
Detects tissue asymmetry, abnormal masses, microcalcifications, and skin thickening
Radiologic procedures:
Chest X- rays may show pulmonary metastases
CT scans of liver & brain may show systemic metastases
Radionuclide bone scanning may show metastatic lesions
Fine needle aspiration cytology:
An out patient procedure
Immediate results
Relatively atraumatic
Can not differentiate between in-situ & invasive carcinoma
Can distinguish ductal from lobular carcinoma
Core biopsy:
An out patient procedure performed under local anesthesia
In-situ disease can be differentiated from invasive disease
A greater appraisal of the grade & type of tumor is possible
Open surgical biopsy:
Requires hospital admission.
Usually done under general anesthesia
A definitive method for the diagnosis of disease
Ultrasound:
Differentiates cystic from solid lesions
Is not diagnostic of malignancy
Other laboratory tests:
Consistently elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Elevated serum alkaline phosphatase
Hypercalcemia
Palpable mass, Breast pain Nipple discharge ,Ulceration, Skin dimpling, Edema ,Erythema Axillary mass Scaling of the nipple (Paget's disease)
Advanced disease:
Fixation of the mass to the chest wall , Axillary lymphadenopathy , Edema of the arm, Breast enlargement , Ulceration , Supraclavicular lymphadenopathy ,Back pain Bone pain, Jaundice and Weight loss
Detects tissue asymmetry, abnormal masses, microcalcifications, and skin thickening
Radiologic procedures:
Chest X- rays may show pulmonary metastases
CT scans of liver & brain may show systemic metastases
Radionuclide bone scanning may show metastatic lesions
Fine needle aspiration cytology:
An out patient procedure
Immediate results
Relatively atraumatic
Can not differentiate between in-situ & invasive carcinoma
Can distinguish ductal from lobular carcinoma
Core biopsy:
An out patient procedure performed under local anesthesia
In-situ disease can be differentiated from invasive disease
A greater appraisal of the grade & type of tumor is possible
Open surgical biopsy:
Requires hospital admission.
Usually done under general anesthesia
A definitive method for the diagnosis of disease
Ultrasound:
Differentiates cystic from solid lesions
Is not diagnostic of malignancy
Other laboratory tests:
Consistently elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Elevated serum alkaline phosphatase
Hypercalcemia
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