Endocrine system
Adrenal gland
NEUROBLASTOMA
DATA FORM FOR CANCER CLASSIFICATION - NEUROBLASTOMA
HISTOPATHOLOGIC TYPE
Sympathicoblastoma , Sympathicogonioma , Malignant ganglioneuroma , Gangliosympathicoblastma , Ganglioneuroma
DATA FORM FOR CANCER CLASSIFICATION - THYROID GLAND
HISTOPATHOLOGIC TYPE
Papillary carcinoma (including those with follicular foci) , Follicular carcinoma , Medullary carcinoma , Undifferentiated (anaplastic) carcinoma
RISK FACTORS, ENDOCRINE ORGANS
Exposure to radiation
Multiple endocrine neoplasia
Medullary carcinoma of thyroid
Hyperparathyroidism
Pheochromocytoma
Exposure to radiation
Familial factors
Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndrome (type I and type II: Sipple's syndrome) Hyperparathyroidism
Pancreatic islet cell tumor
Pituitary adenoma
Pheochromocytoma
Medullary carcinoma of thyroid
Low serum potassium level
Low serum chloride level
Low total eosinophils
Lymphopenia
Low plasma level of ACTH
Increase plasma cortisol level
Increased urinary free cortisol
Elevated plasma aldosterone level
Elevated plasma aldosterone level
Low plasma renin level
C.T. scan
M.R.I
MEN type II syndrome ( Sipple's syndrome )
Pheochromocytoma
Hyperparathyroidism
Medullary carcinoma of thyroid
Medullary carcinoma of thyroid
Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis
Griffith's syndrome
Pheochromocytoma
Neurofibroma
Duodenal somatostatinoma
Von Hippel Lindau's syndrome
Cerebellar, medullary, spinal hemangioblastomas
Pheochromocytoma
Retinal angioma
Early findings:
Hypercalcemia , Polyuria , Polydipsia , Anorexia , Nausea , Vomitting , Constipation , Muscle weakness , Confusion , Depression , Lethargy
Late findings:
Nephrolithiasis , Nephrocalcinosis , Hypertension , Bone pain , Bone cysts , Arthralgias , Osteitis fibrosa cystica , Pathologic fractures , Band keratopathy
Palpable abdominal mass , Abdominal pain , Cushing's syndrome (Increased cortisol secretion) , Cutaneous striae (purple) , Easy bruisability , Deposition of adipose tissue in face (Moon facies) , Deposition of adipose tissue in interscapular area (Buffalo hump) , Deposition of adipose tissue in mesenteric bed (Truncal obesity) , Osteoporosis , Diabetes mellitus , Hypertension , Obesity , Emotional changes , Irritability , Depression , Psychosis , Confusion , Conn's syndrome (Increased aldosterone secretion) , Hypertension , Headaches , Muscle weakness due to hypokalaemia , Easy fatigue , Polyuria , Polydipsia , Increased androgen secretion , Hirsutism , Oligomenorrhea , Virilization
Hypertension , Paroxysms or crises , Headache , Profuse sweating , Palpitations , Apprehension , Pain in the chest or abdomen , Nausea , Vomitting , Flushing , Tachycardia ,Weight loss , Fever , Sipple's syndrome (MEN II syndrome) , Medullary carcinoma of thyroid , Hyperthyroidism
Palpable abdominal mass , Firm to hard , Irregular Non-tender Dumbbell tumors Neuurological signs , Bone pain , Respiratory distress , Massive hepatomegaly
LABORATORY TESTS, THYROID CARCINOMA
Elevated serum calcium level (Sipple's syndrome)
Elevated serum calcitonin level (Medullary carcinoma)
Elevated serum
CEA level Thyroid hormone assays
Ultrasound
Scintigraphy after radioisotope administration (low uptake)
Radioiodine scan (cold lesion)
Fine needle aspiration cytology
Aspiration biopsy
Chest X ray for detection of pulmonary metastases
C.T. scan of neck
Bone scan for detection of bony metastases
LABORATORY TESTS, PARATHYROID CARCINOMA
Elevated serum level of calcium Low serum phosphate level
Elevated serum chloride level
Elevated serum parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Elevated serum alkaline phosphatase
Elevated serum creatinine level Blood urea nitrogen
Serum protein electrophoretic pattern
Bone studies
Radiography of bones (osteopenia)
Osteitis fibrosa cystica found on X rays (rare)
X ray of skull (ground glass appearance)
Ultrasound
C.T. scan of neck
Thallium 201 technetium - 99m subtraction scan
M.R.I.
LABORATORY TESTS, CARCINOMA OF ADRENAL GLAND CORTEX
Low serum potassium level
Low serum chloride level
Low total eosinophils
Lymphopenia
Low plasma level of ACTH
Increase plasma cortisol level
Increased urinary free cortisol
Elevated plasma aldosterone level
Low plasma renin level
C.T. scan
M.R.I
LABORATORY TESTS, PHEOCRHOMOCYTOMA
Elevated blood glucose level
Polycythemia
Elevated plasma epinephrine & nor-epinephrine levels
Elevated urinary catecholamines, metanephrine & vanillyl mandelic acid (VMA)
Plain X ray abdomen
C.T scan
M.R.I .(characteristic bright lesion on T2 weighted imaging)